| Class of cause |
Type of damage |
| Human |
Acute immission |
| Fungi |
Alpine larch shoot dieback - Ascocalyx laricina |
| Fungi |
Apiognomonia-Beech Anthracnose - Apiognomonia errabunda |
| Fungi |
Apiognomonia-disease of Plane - Apiognomonia veneta |
| Fungi |
Apiognomonia-leaf disease of linden - Apiognomonia tiliae |
| Fungi |
Apiognomonia-leaf spot disease of oak - Apiognomonia quercina |
| Fungi |
Ash bacterial canker - Pseudomonas syringae ssp. savastanoi pv.fraxini |
| Animals |
Ash bark beetles - Leperisinus sp. |
| Fungi |
Ash dieback |
| Animals |
Ash inflorescence gall mite - Aceria fraxinivora |
| Fungi |
Asteroma-leaf spot disease of birch - Asteroma microspermum |
| Animals |
Bark beetles of Cupressaceae - Phloesinus thujae, Phloeosinus aubei |
| Fungi |
Bark disease of oaks - Fusicoccum quercus, Phomopsis quercella and other species |
| Fungi |
Beech canker - Neonectria ditissima |
| Animals |
Beech gall midge - Mikiola fagi |
| Animals |
Blue pine buprestid - Phaenops cyanea |
| Animals |
Bud mining by insects - shoot moths - Blastoterespp.; Anobiids - Ernobius spp. |
| Animals |
Cambium miner flies, Miner flies - Agromyzidae |
| Fungi |
Canker-staion of Plane - Ceratocystis fimbriata f.sp.platani |
| Fungi |
Carbon cushion - Ustulina deusta |
| Fungi |
Cenangium – Dieback of pines-Cenangium ferruginosum |
| Fungi |
Cercospora-leaf spot disease of Linden - Cercospora microsora |
| Fungi |
Chestnut blight - Cryphonectria parasitica |
| Animals |
Cimbicid Sawflies - Cimbicidae |
| Animals |
Clearwing moths, White-barred Clearwing and other species - Sesia sp. |
| Complex |
Combined herbicide/fertilizer-damage to Christmas trees |
| Fungi |
Coniothyrium – leaf spot disease of Sorbus aria – Coniothyrium sp. |
| Fungi |
Coral spot - Nectria cinnabarina |
| Fungi |
Cristulariella-leaf spot disease of maple (Cristulariella depraedans) |
| Fungi |
Crown thinning by twig dieback, associated with Stigmina pulvinata |
| Fungi |
Crumenulopsis-canker of Pine - Crumenulopsis sororia |
| Fungi |
Cryptocline-needle cast of Yew - Cryptocline taxicola |
| Fungi |
Cyclaneusma-needle cast of pines – Cyclaneusma minus and C.niveum |
| Fungi |
Cylindrocladium-dieback of box - Cylindrocladium buxicola |
| Human |
Damage by inappropriate planting |
| Human |
Damage by road-deicing salts |
| Animals |
Damage to leaves by leafhoppers |
| Animals |
Damage to needles of Larix by Adelges geniculatus and other spruce gall aphids with host alteration |
| Animals |
Damage to roots by insects |
| Fungi |
Didymosphaeria (Asteromella)-leafspot disease of Linden - Didymosphaeria petrakiana |
| Fungi |
Dieback and cast of Thuja – Pestalotiopsis funerea |
| Fungi |
Dieback of Cupressaceae - Kabatina thujae |
| Abiotic |
Dieback of green alder (Alnus viridis) on subalpine sites |
| Fungi |
Dieback of Maple - Stegonsporium sp. |
| Fungi |
Diplodia – Dieback of pines - Sphaeropsis sapinea syn. Diplodia pinea |
| Fungi |
Diplodina–Leaf spot disease of maple - Diplodina acerina |
| Animals |
Dormice – Common dormouse - Muscardinus avellanarius, Garden dormouse - Eliomys quercinus, Forest dormouse - Dryomys nitedula and Fat dormouse - Glis glis |
| Fungi |
Dothistroma – pine needle cast, Redband disease - Mycosphaerella pini with the asexual stage Dothistroma septosporum, or Dothistroma pini |
| Abiotic |
Drought |
| Fungi |
Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi |
| Fungi |
Elsinoe – Leaf spot disease of pomaceous fruit – Elsinoe pyri |
| Fungi |
Cylindrobasidium evolvens |
| Fungi |
Cytospora-species on conifers - Cytospora sp. |
| Fungi |
Glomerella cingulata - anthracnose |
| Animals |
Lachnidae |
| Fungi |
Phloeospora-Mulberry leaf spot - Phloeospora maculans |
| Fungi |
Pholiota destruens syn. Pholiota populnea |
| Fungi |
Sclerophoma on shoots and twigs - Sclerophoma pithyophila |
| Animals |
European shot-hole borer - Anisandrus (Xyleborus) dispar and other species |
| Fungi |
Eutypella-stem canker of maple - Eutypella parasitica |
| Abiotic |
Excrescences of lenticels – black spots on the stem |
| Animals |
Feeding damage by rodents (mice) |
| Animals |
Feeding damage on needles by weevils - Phyllobius sp., Otiorhynchus sp. |
| Animals |
Fir bark beetle - Pityophthorus pityographus |
| Fungi |
Fir needle rust - Pucciniastrum epilobii |
| Animals |
Fir woolly aphids - Dreyfusia sp., Mindarus sp. |
| Animals |
Fraying damage by deer, beating damage by deer |
| Abiotic |
Frost (Frost drought) |
| Abiotic |
Frost (spring frost) |
| Abiotic |
Frost (winter frost) |
| Animals |
Gall aphids on poplars - Pemphigus-and other species |
| Animals |
Gall midge of Tilia (Dasyneura thomasiana) |
| Animals |
Gall mites on broadleaved trees |
| Animals |
Gall mites on conifers |
| Fungi |
Gemmamyces-Bud disease of Blue spruce - Gemmamyces piceae |
| Fungi |
Giant Polypore - Meripilus giganteus |
| Animals |
Goat Moth - Cossus cossus |
| Animals |
Great spruce bark beetle - Dendroctonus micans |
| Animals |
Green Leafhopper (Tettigella=Cicadella viridis) |
| Fungi |
Grey mould - Botrytis cinerea |
| Fungi |
Gymnosporangium-rust of Rosaceae, Juniper-rust – Gymnosporangium sp. |
| Animals |
Gypsy moth - Lymantria dispar |
| Human |
Heat damage in stem protection tubes |
| Abiotic |
Heat damage of seedlings |
| Fungi |
Herpotrichia-needle cast of fir – Herpotrichia parasitica |
| Fungi |
Honey fungus - Armillaria sp. |
| Fungi |
Hypodermella–needle cast of larch (Hypodermella laricis) |
| Fungi |
Hysterographium-Dieback of Ash - Hysterographium fraxini |
| Fungi |
Kabatia-leafspots of Honeysuckle - Kabatia periclymeni |
| Fungi |
Kabatina-needle disease of firs - Sydowia polyspora=Kabatina abietis |
| Fungi |
Larch canker (Lachnellula willkommii) |
| Animals |
Larch Tortix - Zeiraphera griseana |
| Animals |
Large pine weevil - Hylobius abietis |
| Animals |
Large poplar longhorned beetle - Saperda carcharias |
| Fungi |
Leaf and twig – scab – Venturia spp. |
| Fungi |
Leaf rust of alder - Melampsoridium hiratsukanum |
| Fungi |
Lecanosticta-needle cast, Brown spot disease of pines - Mycosphaerella dearnessii |
| Animals |
Leopard moth - Zeuzera pyrina |
| Fungi |
Lirula-needle cast of spruce – Lirula macrospora |
| Fungi |
Lophodermium-needle cast - Lophodermium sp. |
| Fungi |
Massaria-disease of Plane - Splanchnonema platani |
| Fungi |
Meria-Larch needle cast - Meria laricis |
| Animals |
Mining moths of Cupressaceae– Juniper mining moth, Thuja mining moth, Cypress mining moth |
| Fungi |
Monostichella-leaf disease of hornbeam - Monostichella robergei |
| Fungi |
Mycosphaerella – needle cast of larch (Mycosphaerella laricina) |
| Animals |
Needle gall midge of fir (Paradiplosis abietis) |
| Fungi |
Needle rust of Spruce - Chrysomyxa rhododendri |
| Animals |
Needle-shortening pine gall midge - Thecodiplosis brachyntera |
| Animals |
Nun moth - Lymantria monacha |
| Abiotic |
Nutrient deficiency |
| Animals |
Oak processionary moth - Thaumetopoea processionea |
| Animals |
Oak slug sawfly - feeding damage on broadleaved trees - Caliroa annullipes and other species |
| Fungi |
Phloeospora-leaf spot disease of edible chestnut - Phloeospora castanicola (Septoria castanicola) |
| Fungi |
Phomopsis-disease of Cupressaceae - Phomopsis juniperivora |
| Fungi |
Phyllosticta – leaf spots of Cotoneaster - Phyllosticta spp. |
| Fungi |
Phytophthora-diseases of beech - Phytophthora cambivora und Phytophthora plurivoraPhytophthora cactorum |
| Fungi |
Phytophthora-root and collar rot of alders (Phytophthora alni) |
| Complex |
Plane bark necrosis |
| Animals |
Plane mining moth - Phyllonorycter=Lithocolletis platani |
| Animals |
Poplar-and-willow borer, willow weevil - Cryptorhynchus lapathi |
| Fungi |
Powdery mildew |
| Animals |
Privet aphid - Myzus ligustri |
| Fungi |
Red rot - Heterobasidion annosum |
| Fungi |
Rhizosphaera – needle cast – Rhizosphaerasp. |
| Complex |
Root rot |
| Fungi |
Rusty needle cast of Douglas fir - Rhabdocline pseudotsugae |
| Animals |
Scale insects - numerous species |
| Fungi |
Scleroderris-disease (Gremmeniella abietina) |
| Fungi |
Septoria-leaf disease of Vinca (Periwinkle) - Septoria vincae |
| Fungi |
Shoot dieback of spruce – Spruce cone rust - Pucciniastrum areolatum = Thekopsora areolata |
| Fungi |
Shoot tip scab of willow - Pollaccia salicicola and other microfungi |
| Fungi |
Shothole-disease of stone fruit trees - Stigmina carpophila |
| Fungi |
Sirococcus – dieback of Spruce - Sirococcus conigenus |
| Animals |
Sitka spruce aphid – Liosomaphis abietinum |
| Animals |
Six-toothed bark beetle - Ips sexdentatus |
| Animals |
Six-toothed Spruce bark beetle - Pityogenes chalcographus |
| Animals |
Small eggar moth - Eriogaster lanestris |
| Animals |
Social pear sawfly - Neurotoma saltuum |
| Fungi |
Sooty moulds |
| Fungi |
Sooty-Bark disease of Maples - Cryptostroma corticale |
| Animals |
Spinning mites of conifers (Oligonychus ununguis) |
| Animals |
Spittlebugs - Cercopidae |
| Animals |
Spruce Bark Tortricid - Cydia (Laspeyresia) pactolana |
| Animals |
Spruce budmoths - Epinotia spp.; orange spruce needleminer - Coleotechnites piceaella |
| Animals |
Spruce gall aphids - Sacchiphantes spp. and Adelges spp. |
| Fungi |
Spruce needle rust – Chrysomyxa abietis |
| Animals |
Spruce shoot gall midge - Dasyneura abietiperda |
| Fungi |
Stigmina-blight of Port Orford Cedar - Stigmina thujina |
| Fungi |
Swedish pine cast - Lophodermella sulcigena |
| Fungi |
Swiss needle cast of Douglas fir Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii |
| Animals |
Sycamore lace bug - Corythucha ciliata |
| Fungi |
Therrya-species - Therrya pini and Therrya fuckelii |
| Fungi |
Two-Needle Pine Stem Rust - Cronartium flaccidum, Endocronartium pini |
| Fungi |
Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae, Verticillium albo-atrum |
| Fungi |
Virus infections of leaves (broadleaved trees) |
| Fungi |
Volutella-twig blight of boxelder - Pseudonectria rousseliana |
| Animals |
Walnut Husk Fly- Rhagoletis completa |
| Fungi |
Witches' brooms of Berberis - Puccinia arrhenatheri |
| Animals |
Woolly aphid of Douglas fir - Gilletteellasp. |
| Abiotic |
Wounds by hail |
BFW